Digital and open innovation: Implications for business models and research strategies of private and public organizations

While new ways of doing research and innovation such as open science, Science 2.0, user innovation or crowdsourcing have been intensively discussed in the past few years, little systematic analysis and exploration of their wider positive, but also problematic effects for business and science has been done. Based on the findings from two European foresight projects critical aspects of changing research and innovation models and their challenges for research management and policy are discussed. A key challenge for companies, universities and research organizations is to adopt of new business models and define new collaboration strategies.