Outdoor stability testing of perovskite mini - modules: long-term analysis

Perovskite solar cells have been attracting increasing attention in recent years due to their rapid progress with record efficiency of 25.7% for single junction and 29.8% for tandem devices respectively. The biggest concern that impedes the application of perovskites and poses tremendous challenges for their commercialization is their long-term stability under operation. Even if now perovskites are passing standardized protocols (IEC 61215) and ISOS procedures, those tests cannot resemble the outdoor operational conditions with day-night cycles and continuous change in temperature and irradiance levels. Although outdoor stability testing has been reported for different types of perovskite devices so far, there is still a lack of quantitatively precise information about the diurnal trend in long-term performance of perovskites under outdoor conditions.