Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition

Martin Klein; Ella Staufer; Duyao Zhang; Christian Edtmaier; Jelena Horky; Martin Schmitz-Niederau; Dong Qiu; Mark Easton; Thomas Klein

doi:10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition

Martin Klein
, Ella Staufer
, Duyao Zhang
, Christian Edtmaier
, Jelena Horky
, Martin Schmitz-Niederau
, Dong Qiu
, Mark Easton
, Thomas Klein

LKR Light Metals Technologies

RHP Technology GmbH
School of Engineering, Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University
TU Wien, Institut für Chemische Technologien und Analytik
voestalpine Böhler Welding Germany

Publikation: Beitrag in Fachzeitschrift › Artikel › Begutachtung

Abstract

Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. The Ti-Cu system is promising, but needs further alloying elements, to optimize the alloy performance. In this work waDED-processed Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al is characterized. Cu achieves a columnar to equiaxed transition. Microstructure consists of fine Ti2Cu-precipitates, β-matrix and α-plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σ_Y of 1039MPa but low ductility, fracturing intragranular.

Originalsprache	Englisch
Seiten (von - bis)	1957-1963
Seitenumfang	7
Fachzeitschrift	Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science
Volume	56
Issue	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9
Publikationsstatus	Veröffentlicht - 15 Apr. 2025

Research Field

Wire-Based Additive Manufacturing

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10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

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Klein, M., Staufer, E., Zhang, D., Edtmaier, C., Horky, J., Schmitz-Niederau, M., Qiu, D., Easton, M., & Klein, T. (2025). Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 56(6), 1957-1963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

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title = "Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition",

abstract = "Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. The Ti-Cu system is promising, but needs further alloying elements, to optimize the alloy performance. In this work waDED-processed Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al is characterized. Cu achieves a columnar to equiaxed transition. Microstructure consists of fine Ti2Cu-precipitates, β-matrix and α-plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit{\textquoteright}s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σY of 1039MPa but low ductility, fracturing intragranular.",

keywords = "Titanium alloys, Additive manufacturing, Phase transformations, Mechanical properties, Precipitation",

author = "Martin Klein and Ella Staufer and Duyao Zhang and Christian Edtmaier and Jelena Horky and Martin Schmitz-Niederau and Dong Qiu and Mark Easton and Thomas Klein",

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doi = "10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9",

language = "English",

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Klein, M, Staufer, E, Zhang, D, Edtmaier, C, Horky, J, Schmitz-Niederau, M, Qiu, D, Easton, M & Klein, T 2025, 'Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition', Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 56, Nr. 6, S. 1957-1963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition. / Klein, Martin; Staufer, Ella; Zhang, Duyao et al.
in: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 56, Nr. 6, 15.04.2025, S. 1957-1963.

Publikation: Beitrag in Fachzeitschrift › Artikel › Begutachtung

TY - JOUR

T1 - Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition

AU - Klein, Martin

AU - Staufer, Ella

AU - Zhang, Duyao

AU - Edtmaier, Christian

AU - Horky, Jelena

AU - Schmitz-Niederau, Martin

AU - Qiu, Dong

AU - Easton, Mark

AU - Klein, Thomas

PY - 2025/4/15

Y1 - 2025/4/15

N2 - Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. The Ti-Cu system is promising, but needs further alloying elements, to optimize the alloy performance. In this work waDED-processed Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al is characterized. Cu achieves a columnar to equiaxed transition. Microstructure consists of fine Ti2Cu-precipitates, β-matrix and α-plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σY of 1039MPa but low ductility, fracturing intragranular.

AB - Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. The Ti-Cu system is promising, but needs further alloying elements, to optimize the alloy performance. In this work waDED-processed Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al is characterized. Cu achieves a columnar to equiaxed transition. Microstructure consists of fine Ti2Cu-precipitates, β-matrix and α-plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σY of 1039MPa but low ductility, fracturing intragranular.

KW - Titanium alloys

KW - Additive manufacturing

KW - Phase transformations

KW - Mechanical properties

KW - Precipitation

U2 - 10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

DO - 10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

M3 - Article

SN - 1073-5623

VL - 56

SP - 1957

EP - 1963

JO - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

JF - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

IS - 6

ER -

Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition

Abstract

Research Field

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