The Contribution of R&I programmes to Transition: Evidence on Transformative Outcomes in the areas of the Green Transition and the Energy Transition

This paper investigates how Research and Innovation (R&I) programmes contribute to systemic transitions, with a focus on the Green and Energy Transitions in the EU and Germany. It analyses two major programmes—the 7th Energy Research Programme (Germany) and Horizon Europe Clusters 5 & 6—through a transformative outcomes framework grounded in sustainability transition theory and the multi-level perspective (MLP). Using a mixed-method evaluation approach, the study assesses how these R&I initiatives foster innovation, support niche development, influence regime change, and drive systemic transformation. Findings highlight meaningful contributions to building and expanding niches, yet limited impact on regime destabilisation and institutionalisation. The paper underscores both, the potential and limitations of R&I policies in catalysing sustainability transitions, offering insights for programme design, policy alignment, and evaluation practice.