Characterization and Degradation of Perovskite Mini-Modules

Organic-inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskites are poised to revolutionize the next generation of photovoltaics with their exceptional optoelectronic properties compatibility with low-cost and large-scale fabrication methods. The leap forward in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) enabled by lead halide perovskites is unprecedented, with PCEs emerging from 3.8% in its first study to a current certified value of 25.5% in single-junction and 33.7% in perovskite-silicon tandem devices [1-3]. The main challenge for the successful commercialization of perovskite solar cells is to achieve high stability at the module level. The commercially available solar modules undergo a series of characterization procedures that analyze their properties and ensure their quality. However, these procedures and protocols cannot unambiguously be applied to perovskite solar modules (PSM) due to its unpredictable degradation mechanisms. Therefore more advanced characterization methods are needed to understand the degradation mec