In-vehicle battery capacity fade: A follow-up study on six European regions

This work presents a follow up of previous case studies from the authors on the estimation of the in-vehicle battery capacity fade with performance-based models of Lithium-ion batteries applied to real-world vehicles’ activity data. The mobility pattern database is significantly enlarged compared to previous works from the authors, encompassing now six European regions, including 508,609 private vehicles which corresponds to 1.78 billion GPS records, 9.1 million trips and parking events and a total driven distance of 106.1 million kilometres. The capacity fade is derived at given years and mileage thresholds under different driving and recharging scenarios, supporting the concept of setting minimum performance requirements for traction batteries in future road transport policies. The vast majority of the considered scenarios do not lead to a battery capacity drop below 80% of its nominal value in less than five calendar years or 100,000 driven kilometres and below 70% in less than 8 years or 160,000 driven kilometres. The results of this work contributed to inform the new UN ECE Global Technical Regulation No. 22 on in-vehicle battery durability.