Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition

Martin Klein; Ella Staufer; Duyao Zhang; Christian Edtmaier; Jelena Horky; Martin Schmitz-Niederau; Dong Qiu; Mark Easton; Thomas Klein

doi:10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition

Martin Klein
, Ella Staufer
, Duyao Zhang
, Christian Edtmaier
, Jelena Horky
, Martin Schmitz-Niederau
, Dong Qiu
, Mark Easton
, Thomas Klein

LKR Light Metals Technologies

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. The Ti-Cu system is promising, but needs further alloying elements, to optimize the alloy performance. In this work waDED-processed Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al is characterized. Cu achieves a columnar to equiaxed transition. Microstructure consists of fine Ti2Cu-precipitates, β-matrix and α-plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σ_Y of 1039MPa but low ductility, fracturing intragranular.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1957-1963
Number of pages	7
Journal	Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science
Volume	56
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9
Publication status	Published - 15 Apr 2025

Research Field

Wire-Based Additive Manufacturing

Keywords

Titanium alloys
Additive manufacturing
Phase transformations
Mechanical properties
Precipitation

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10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

Cite this

Klein, M., Staufer, E., Zhang, D., Edtmaier, C., Horky, J., Schmitz-Niederau, M., Qiu, D., Easton, M., & Klein, T. (2025). Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 56(6), 1957-1963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

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title = "Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition",

abstract = "Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. The Ti-Cu system is promising, but needs further alloying elements, to optimize the alloy performance. In this work waDED-processed Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al is characterized. Cu achieves a columnar to equiaxed transition. Microstructure consists of fine Ti2Cu-precipitates, β-matrix and α-plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit{\textquoteright}s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σY of 1039MPa but low ductility, fracturing intragranular.",

keywords = "Titanium alloys, Additive manufacturing, Phase transformations, Mechanical properties, Precipitation",

author = "Martin Klein and Ella Staufer and Duyao Zhang and Christian Edtmaier and Jelena Horky and Martin Schmitz-Niederau and Dong Qiu and Mark Easton and Thomas Klein",

year = "2025",

month = apr,

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doi = "10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9",

language = "English",

volume = "56",

pages = "1957--1963",

journal = "Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science",

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Klein, M, Staufer, E, Zhang, D, Edtmaier, C, Horky, J, Schmitz-Niederau, M, Qiu, D, Easton, M & Klein, T 2025, 'Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition', Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1957-1963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition. / Klein, Martin; Staufer, Ella; Zhang, Duyao et al.
In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 56, No. 6, 15.04.2025, p. 1957-1963.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition

AU - Klein, Martin

AU - Staufer, Ella

AU - Zhang, Duyao

AU - Edtmaier, Christian

AU - Horky, Jelena

AU - Schmitz-Niederau, Martin

AU - Qiu, Dong

AU - Easton, Mark

AU - Klein, Thomas

PY - 2025/4/15

Y1 - 2025/4/15

N2 - Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. The Ti-Cu system is promising, but needs further alloying elements, to optimize the alloy performance. In this work waDED-processed Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al is characterized. Cu achieves a columnar to equiaxed transition. Microstructure consists of fine Ti2Cu-precipitates, β-matrix and α-plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σY of 1039MPa but low ductility, fracturing intragranular.

AB - Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. The Ti-Cu system is promising, but needs further alloying elements, to optimize the alloy performance. In this work waDED-processed Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al is characterized. Cu achieves a columnar to equiaxed transition. Microstructure consists of fine Ti2Cu-precipitates, β-matrix and α-plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σY of 1039MPa but low ductility, fracturing intragranular.

KW - Titanium alloys

KW - Additive manufacturing

KW - Phase transformations

KW - Mechanical properties

KW - Precipitation

U2 - 10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

DO - 10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

M3 - Article

SN - 1073-5623

VL - 56

SP - 1957

EP - 1963

JO - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

JF - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

IS - 6

ER -

Phase evolution and mechanical behavior of a novel Ti-6.3Cu-2.2Fe-2.1Al alloy processed by wire-arc directed energy deposition

Abstract

Research Field

Keywords

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